Table of Studies on Structures with Self-Centering Systems

System Information
Reference Description of System Frame Configuration Experiment Synopsis Purpose of Research
Apostolakis, Dargush, and Filiatrault, 2014 A steel moment- resisting frame was fitted with post-tensioned energy dissipating in order to create a self-centering force to minimize the interstory and residual drift, as well as reduce production costs. Moment-Resisting frame fitted with Post-Tensioned Energy Dissipating Connections. Performed a computational analysis of the system using a genetic analysis system and a relative performance index in order to undergo discrete optimization of the structure. To computationally analyze the seismic performance of different structures and optimize the structures under different parameters using a genetic algorithm.
Ikenaga 2006 A self-centering column base is presented using a PC bar and steel damper to suppress residual deformations Column connection for steel frame An analytical analysis of the connection detail was performed Analyze the column connection for self-centering capabilities and system behavior
Chou and Chen 2009 PT self-centering frame with gap-openings at beam-to-column interfaces PT RC columns with PT beams Validate a 3-story analytical model through full scale experimental testing Provide a more accurate model of PT frames by evaluating bending stiffness of column and compression forces in the beams based on a deformed column space which matches the gap-opening
Clayton, Dowden, Winkley, Berman, Bruneau, and Lowes 2012 Post- tensioned beam to column connections were connected to a steel plate shear wall system in order to increase its self- centering capacity by remaining elastic and returning the system to its initial position. A self- centering steel plate shear wall system with web plates and a steel boundary frame connected through post- tensioned beam to column connections. First, subassemblies of the proposed test elements were subjected to quasi static cyclic loading. Then, the one third scale specimen was subjected to cyclic loading with an actuator on each floor up to a 4% drift. To experimentally determine the self- centering capabilities of post-tensioned beam to column connections in the steel plate shear wall system.
Clayton, Winkley, Berman, and Lowes 2012 Steel Plate Shear Wall system including energy dissipating steel web plates connected at vertical and horizontal steel boundaries through post-tensioned connections. Test specimens of subassemblies of two stories were created with steel web plates connected through vertical and horizontal steel boundaries fitted with post-tensioned connections. Four subassemblies of the system were loaded with an actuator to target drifts of 2.0% to 4.5% with increases of 0.5% after each 3 cycles. The system exhibited both self centering and energy dissipating properties as expected. To study the behavior of the self centering steel plate shear wall system.
Dowden, Clayton, Li, Berman, Bruneau, Lowes and Tsai 2016 The self-centering steel plate shear wall (SC-SPSW) system provides recentering and limits structural damage to replaceable energy dissipating fuses through a lateral force-resisting system Two SC-SPSW specimens, differing in the PT-beam-to-column connection. The flange rocking (FR) connection results in rocking at the top or bottom beam flange based on loading direction; the NewZ-BREAKSS (NZ) connection results in rocking about the top flange only Pseudodynamically tests two full-scale two story specimens with earthquake excitations designed to represented the proposed performance objectives Ensure the specimens were capable of acting as the lateral force-resisting system for a standard two-story building in areas of high seismicity
Gajan and Kutter 2008 Frame-shear wall structure supported by shallow foundations, where lateral loads during seismic loading are transferred from beams to shear wall to shallow foundation Rigid steel or aluminum shear wall with footings able to rock about base Series of centrifuge experiments were performed to study effects of footing dimensions, depth of embedment, and initial static vertical factor of safety on nonlinear soil-footing system responses Validate the systems response in terms of load capacities, stiffness degradations, energy dissipation and permanent deformations beneath the footing
Garlock, Li, and Blaisdell 2006 Bolted top-and-set angles are used with high strength 7-wire strands running parallel to beam and anchored outside the connection Self-centering moment resisting frame (SC-MRF) designed for earthquake-resistance Analytically evaluate the effects of the floor diaphragm stiffness, strength and configuration of the system in response to seismic events Analyze proposed prototype capability to reduce or eliminate structural damage and return to its original position
Huang, Zhao, Eatherton, and Zhu, 2020 Two horizontal beams are aligned vertically with vertical columns at either end. Four symmetrical post-tensioning strands work to align the two beams, and two frictional damping mechanisms are on either end of each beam. Two horizontal beams are connected with two vertical columns, along with bracing for support. Experimentally test the self-centering beam against similar models that were missing either post-tensioning or a friction damper. Eleven specimen were exposed to a lateral load test. An actuator was placed on top of the upper beam to determine the drift, each post-tensioning table was attached to a load cell, and a displacement meter detected the global deformation. Test the effectiveness of the self-centering beam model and determine whether it is a viable and economical option for steel structural design.
Liu, Xu, and Li, 2019 Steel plate shear wall system connected to the horizontal boundary elements through pre-pressed spring self-centering energy dissipating components. The shear plate steel wall is connected only vertically to the horizontal boundary elements and to the pre-pressed spring energy dissipating components. Test specimens of both the shear plate shear wall and the pre-pressed spring self-centering energy dissipating systems were tested individually with cyclic loading, and then a 1:3 scale test specimen was tested with cyclic loading. To experimentally verify the pairing of the self-centering steel plate shear wall system with the pre-pressed spring self-centering energy dissipating system in order to increase energy dissipation and self centering.
Pampanin 2010 Energy dissipation seismic systems in recent times are reviewed Systems reviewed: (1) joined ductile articulated systems, (2) replaceable fuses, (3) articulated floor systems and (4) Pres-Lame Systems Author provides on-site applications and case studies Provide information regarding recent developments and emerging solutions for seismic performance and damage control based on traditional materials and available technology
Roke et al. 2009 Frame with lateral load behavior causing column rocking on its base and vertically-aligned post-tensioned bars resisting uplift and providing restoring force Self-centering concentrically-braced frames (SC-CBF) Present analysis results from several SC-CBF configuration using probability-based design methodology to determine member force design demands Use dynamic analysis to confirm drift capacity and self-centering behavior of proposed systems and nonlinear time-history analysis to validate design methodology
Walsh and Kurama 2008 Behavior analysis of single strand/anchorage systems Unbonded post-tensioned structures Investigate strand size, anchor type, number of anchor wedges and presence of a binding ring around wedges Evaluate strand/anchor configurations that may provide better probability of reaching higher stand ductility
Erkmen and Schultz 2009 Unbonded post tensioning is used for self-centering capabilities in concrete shear walls Precast concrete shear walls Experimental testing of the PT force in concrete shear walls is conducted and an analytical model is developed to examine PT configuration Analyze the behavior of concrete shear walls experimentally and analytically
Specimen Information
Reference Test/Analytical Setup Test Load Conditions Description of Fuse(s) Replaceable Self-Centering System Conclusions
Apostolakis, Dargush, and Filiatrault, 2014 A moment-resisting frame fitted with post-tensioned energy dissipating connections is compared to a control using a genetic analysis program to perform discrete optimization. --- --- --- Yes, through post-tensioned connections The use of the genetic analysis program was effective in performing optimization of the different elements of the structure to minimize interstory drift, residual drift, and floor acceleration under seismic conditions. Using this method, it was found that the moment-resisting frame fitted with post-tensioned energy dissipating connections performed better than the moment-resisting frame without those connections.
Ikenaga 2006 --- A static pushover and dynamic analysis were conducted --- --- Yes, through PC bar in the connection The system exhibited stable behavior for both positive and negative deformation and several repetitions and the stiffness and moment from the dynamic analysis were similar to those predicted by the static analysis
Chou and Chen 2009 Full scale experimental testing of the substructure of a 3-story frame A quasi-static cyclic loading was implemented through a series of actuators --- --- Yes, through vertical and horizontal PT The analytical model procedure was validated by the experimental results, and showed earlier analysis methods were over conservative
Clayton, Dowden, Winkley, Berman, Bruneau, and Lowes 2012 Quasi static cyclic loading was performed on subassemblies and one third scale three story test specimens. A simplified load protocol from ATC-24 was utilized on the subassemblies that consisted of two cycles with target drifts of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3%. The test specimens were attached with three actuators on each floor and loaded with displacement controlled loading using the same protocol up to 4%. --- --- Yes, through post- tensioned beam to column connections. The system is capable of recentering and exhibiting cyclic behavior.
Clayton, Winkley, Berman, and Lowes 2012 Four subassemblies with varying web plate thicknesses, number of post-tensioned strands, and initial post- tensioning forces were loaded with an actuator and quantities of force and displacement were measured with load cells and strain gauges. An actuator applied quasi-static cyclic loading on the test specimens with three cycles of target drifts of 2.0% to 4.5% increasing by 0.5%. --- --- Yes, through post- tensioned beam to column connections. The system exhibited self- centering capacities with little residual drift at the beam to column connections, and a greater energy dissipation capacity than expected.
Dowden, Clayton, Li, Berman, Bruneau, Lowes and Tsai 2016 Two, two story SC-SPSW specimens with differing PT beam-to-column connections were tested using a performance-based seismic design (PBSD) procedure PT beam-to-column connections were tested pseudodynamically using excitations that represented three different seismic hazard levels --- Yes Yes, through posttensioned (PT) beam-to-column connections In areas of high seismicity, the SC-SPSW system is capable of meeting the proposed performance objectives
Gajan and Kutter 2008 12 tests were conducted on varying shear wall-footing structures and foundation properties, implemented with an actuated and base shaking Shallow foundations were subjected to slow lateral cyclic loadings and dynamic base shaking while out of plane movement was prevented by sliding Teflon supports --- No No Rocking footings show very ductile behavior with negligible loss of capacity, significant energy dissipation capacity, and it includes a self-centering mechanism associated with uplift and gap closure upon unloading
Garlock, Li, and Blaisdell 2006 A prototype building, 6-story 6-bay steel frame is modeled in DRAIN-2DX with varying floor diaphragm characteristics The model was subjected to nonlinear time-history analysis using six varying ground motions (each one scaled to two levels) --- --- Yes, through anchored post-tensioned strands running parallel to beam Larger collector beam stiffness results in smaller relative displacements between the SC-MRF and the floor system, and also creates larger axial forces, moments, and strains in the SC-MRF beams
Huang, Zhao, Eatherton, and Zhu, 2020 Eleven models were tested against a lateral load test to determine whether the self- centering beam was viable under seismic conditions, and whether it would provide sustainable support after several earthquakes. The specimen featured five self- centering beam systems, two systems without post- tensioning, and four systems without frictional damping. A lateral load was tested against each of the specimen. An actuator was placed on top in order to determine the displacement history, a load cell was placed on each of the post- tensioning cables, and displacement meters collected global deformation. --- --- Yes, through friction restrainers and post-tensioned cables The self- centering beam system is a viable system because it was able to dissipate seismic energy while sustaining little inelastic damage and a low maximum drift. The gap opening of the beam-column interface occurred as predicted, but the stiffness of the system was lower than expected, which can be corrected with future study. This system is also easily factory assembled.
Liu, Xu, and Li, 2019 A single bay, single story, 1:3 scale specimen was fabricated to include both the shear plate steel wall system and the pre-pressed spring self-centering energy dissipation system.A single bay, single story, 1:3 scale specimen was fabricated to include both the shear plate steel wall system and the pre-pressed spring self-centering energy dissipation system. Cyclic loading was performed for both individual components of the system, and then the test specimen of the combined structures. --- --- Yes, through pre-pressed spring self-centering energy dissipating braces. The system exhibited self centering abilities, while also increasing the energy dissipation of the structure and remaining ductile with little damage to non-replaceable components.
Pampanin 2010 --- --- --- --- --- Dynamic analysis results show that design demands safely account for higher mode demands through probability-based methodology and higher modes contribute to the response during rocking which results in an increase in the member forces
Roke et al. 2009 OpenSees was used to model several 6-story SC-CBF systems using pushover analysis to simulate earthquake loading A suit of 12 DBE-level ground motions were used in the analysis --- --- Yes, the system uses PT bars to resist rocking and column uplift and to self-center Dynamic analysis results show that design demands safely account for higher mode demands through probability-based methodology and higher modes contribute to the response during rocking which results in an increase in the member forces
Walsh and Kurama 2008 Each strand specimen was positioned through the crossheads of the testing machine, with a PT anchor placed on the outer surface Specimens were each run through monotonic tension tests --- --- Yes, through unbounded post-tensioned strand systems Results show that maximum stress and strain capacity of the strands is controlled by the fracture of individual strand wire(s) inside the anchor wedges
Erkmen and Schultz 2009 Specimens were tested for their ability to self-center throughout repeated loading Cyclic loading was applied --- --- Yes, through PT tendons and self-weight Initial PT force did not have a significant impact on SC, nor did the placement location of the PT