Table of Studies on Structures with Self-Centering and Energy-Dissipating Fuses

System Information
Reference Description of System Frame Configuration Experiment Synopsis Purpose of Research
Bagheri, Hashemi, Yousef-Beik, Zarnani, Quenneville 2020 A resilient slip friction joint fuse device using frictional damping is embedded into the member of a brace. The frame is made of several resilient slip friction joint braces that are connected through welded, bolted, or pinned connections. An individual resilient slip friction joint is tested experimentally and its behavior under loads was used to establish a numerical model of a frame. To use experimentally determined behavior to design and model a frame using a resilient slip friction joint.
Baikuntha Silwal, Osman E. Ozbulut 2018 Superelastic Viscous Dampers (SVD) combines high tensile force, shape memory alloy cables and a viscoelastic damper. Superelastic Viscous Dampers (SVD) combines high tensile force, shape memory alloy cables and a viscoelastic damper. Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) are performed on the steel structures damaged by the mainshock and aftershock loading conditions. Aftershock collapse capacity is analyzed to improve seismic performance and mitigate residual drifts of steel frame building.
Bruneau and Vargas 2009 Frame designed with BRBs working as metallic structural fuses while main structure remains elastic or with minor inelastic deformations Steel frame with energy-dissipating braces Frame and component configuration are described in detail and a scale model is tested This paper aims to experimentally evaluate the performance of previous parametric analysis
Carden, Itani, and Buckle 2006 I-girders with ductile end cross frames that use single angle X braces acting as structural fuses for straight two-girder bridges without skew Steel girder bridges with ductile cross frames Single angle component experiments were conducted and the performance of the system was tested through large-scale shake table test Evaluate the performance of the X brace cross frame subjected to transverse earthquake excitation
Chi and Liu 2012 Post-tensioned column base connection with buckling restrained steel plates for energy dissipation and damping Components include PT high strength bars for clamping and restoring forces and buckling restrained steel plates for energy dissipation and damping, as well as column flange reinforcing plates and keeper plates for increased resistance A prototype SC-MRF with PT column bases was subjected to axial load and cyclic lateral displacements Investigate the cyclic behavior of the PT column base connection
Christopoulos et al. 2008 System is based on continuing work of Tremblay et al. 2008 for Self-Centering Energy Dissipative (SCED) systems Composed of traditional steel bracing elements, a dissipative mechanism, and a tensioning system which is used to pre-stress the device The mechanisms of the SCED system are described and a series of component and system level experimental validations are analyzed Evaluate system mechanisms on a component level and a preliminary system performance experimentally
Clifton, Butterworth, and Zaki 2003 Flange Bolted Joints (FBJ) and Sliding Hinge Joints (SHJ) are designed to remain rigid up to ultimate limit state earthquake moment and then allowed to rotate at beam column connection Moment-resisting steel frame with semi-rigid joints for seismic-resisting systems Large-scale test of the FBJ and SHJ are analyzed and the behavior is discussed The paper builds on an ongoing project and looks to overview design, details and behavior of the joints
Cui, Tang, Wu, Okazaki, Wang 2022 Frictional Steel Truss Coupling Beams (FTCBs) Coupling beams with friction dampers in chords or web members Includes two types of FTCBs: shear-type and bending type FTCBs To investigate the energy dissipation capacity and elasticity of two types of FTCBs when subjected to quasi-static loads To validate the proposed system as a better alternative to traditional reinforced-concrete coupling beams during earthquakes.
Dolce et al. 2004 An existing R/C concrete building, was retrofitted with NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) re-centering braces and transverse steel ties R/C building structure designed for gravity loads only with no transverse frame The existing building was divided into sections, retrofit bracing was provided, and experimental test were conducted Assess the cyclic behavior of the retrofitted structure and compare with the existing structure’s experimental performance
Dongde, Yong, Yinke, Yicong, Yunlong, and Shiqiang, 2022 A beam to column connection with a frictional damping device, post-tensioning strands, and a replaceable steel angle. Exterior beam-to-column joints with varying connections. Cyclic loading was applied to eight subassemblies, demonstrating that the steel angle was effective in dissipating seismic loads. To analyze the effect of different geometrical parameters of steel angles on beam to column connections.
Fang, Wang, Zhang, Sause, Ricles, Chen 2019 Self-Centering Energy Dissipative Devices Equipped with Superelastic SMA Ring Springs. A damper composed of an external cylinder, internal cylinder, a group of SMA rings, tightening nuts and cover plates. Experimental testing of two specimens of different spring sizes tested for their stiffness, strength, self-centering capability and energy dissipation characteristics. To investigate the resistance of the new self-centering energy dissipative device to strong aftershocks or multiple earthquakes.
Filiatrault, Tremblay, and Kar 2000 Energy dissipating self-centering friction spring damper for braced MRF Steel MRF with damper retrofit Characteristic test of the friction spring damper were conducted and a MRF braced with the damper was subjected to simulated ground motions for seismic evaluations Evaluate the performance of a 200-kN capacity prototype of the damping system under simulated EQ ground motions
Hashemi, Yousef-Beiki, Darani, Clifton, Zarnani, and Quenneville (2019) Tension-only brace with a resilient slip friction joint (RSFJ). Two dimensional simple steel frame with four columns - two beams at both sides of the main frame beam. RSFJ connected at the ends of the bracing members. Experimental testing of the dynamic and quasistatic behavior of the proposed system. To investigate seismic devices that minimize the need for retrofitting, demolishing and rebuilding of structures after earthquakes.
Kim and Christopoulos 2008 Self-Centering Friction connection provide energy dissipation and restoring forces for column-to-beam connections Steel MRF with SC horizontally PT elements and energy dissipating bolt-stressed friction devices A new SCFR connection is described and examined experimentally through full-scale testing Assess the performance of the SCFR connection under expected seismic loading for ductile behavior, energy dissipation, and residual story drifts
Kim, Lee, Hu, 2023 Elastic friction damper with polyurethane springs, steel wires and permanent magnet cubes. Cylindrical shaped polyurethane springs fixed to compression plate by shaft and the slider, permanent magnet cubes connected to slider placed inside an acrylic box and steel wires running through a bracket that is attached to cover and end plates. Investigating performance of dampers with different configurations to analyze the effect of precompressed springs and magnetic cubes on their seismic performance. To propose a novel energy dissipating friction dampers with new materials and a different design approach with the aiming to maximize energy dissipating capacity and additional recentering force for better seismic performance.
Kurama and Shen 2000 Coupled concrete walls using steel beams and unbounded post-tensioning, without embedding the beams into the walls Unbonded post-tensioned hybrid coupled walls with flange cover plates to delay yielding of the beams and top and bottom seat angles used to provided energy dissipation Develop an analytical model to investigate the behavior of the system under earthquakes and provide design and analysis of coupling beams Provide preliminary analytical studies for future prototype coupled wall buildings
Latour, G Rizzano, A. Santiago, L. Da Silva 2018 Friction devices provide dissipate energy, while pre-loaded threaded bars and disk springs provide restorative, self-centering capacity. Column base joints are equipped with friction dampers, along with high strength pre-loaded threaded bars. Cyclic and pseudo-dynamic tests with varying axial and compressive loads were performed on the column base connections. Examine the capacity to resist seismic loading, and increase repairability and self-centering capacity.
Liu, Chi, and Garlock 2008 Post-tensioned column base connection with energy-dissipating plate connection Column base connection for a seismic resistant PT steel frame is composed of PT high strength bars, buckling restrained steel plates, reinforcing plates, keeper plates and shim plates The system design considerations are described and a FE analysis is performed Propose performance-based design approach and evaluated the performance of the system through FE analysis
Lou, Wang, Li, 2023 Self-centring steel connection with replaceable energy-dissipation components Sets of cover plates, buckling restrained plates, and pre-stressed bar attached at a column-beam joint To evaluate seismic behavior of the beam-joint connection by using quasi-static loading tests on different sized sets of the proposed system To develop a self-centring and energy dissipating joint system that enables fast repair and effectively reduces residual deformation.
Lu, Lv, Xu, 2022 Self-centering frictional energy dissipation outrigger (SCFO). The self-centering frictional devices (SFDs) are equipped between the end of the steel truss and the peripheral columns of supertall buildings. To propose a new energy dissipating outrigger that improves seismic resilience and enables fast repair after residual damage To compare the seismic performance of SFDs with traditional outrigger
Maurya and Eatherton 2015 The self-centering beam (SCB) is a shop fabricated restoring force mechanism that eliminates deformation incompatibility and residual drifts and concentrates structural damage in replaceable components. A SCB is a typical W-section beam with a self-centering mechanism attached at its lower flange. The mechanism has two concentric HSS sections (an inner and outer tube). Large scale tests were conducted on a SCB to measure post-tensioning and energy dissipation. Build upon traditional self-centering systems to retain the advantages while mitigating the challenges they pose.
Miller, Fahnestock, and Eatherton 2011 Self-centering BRB supplemented with pre-tensioned superelastic NiTi SMA Self-centering BRB supplemented with pre-tensioned superelastic NiTi SMA A numerical model is created and material property testing in conducted Validate numerical model and close examine material properties for SC-BRB units
Naeem, Maida, Koichi, Javidan 2023 Self-centering disc slit damper with two hollow steel sections assembled together with prestressed disc springs Two box-shaped steel sections in telescopic arrangement with slit dampers on each face Evaluating seismic performance of novel self-centering slit dampers using a displacement-controlled quasi-static cyclic loading test and conducting a comparative analysis with conventional steel slit dampers To develop an alternative slit damper design for better seismic performance with replaceability and smaller residual damage.
Pekcan, Mander, and Chen 2002 Alternative seismic retrofit approach for end-sway frame of deck-truss bridges, consisting of modified bracing configurations including supplemental damping systems Configurations include PT tension elements with fuse bar elements and spring dampers Experimental and analytical investigations on a scale model of an existing steel end-sway frame are presented Validate proposed retrofit configurations for improved lateral strength and stiffness, and test capability to modify load path to reduce overall structure demand
Qian et al. 2008 Hybrid SMA friction devices (HSMAFD) consist of pre-tensioned superelastic shape memory alloy wires and friction devices Proposed system is designed for steel frame buildings and is connected from bracing to floor beams HSMAFD system was tested as a component and then implemented in a scaled structure and experimentally tested Assess the performance of the energy dissipation devices in reducing dynamic response of structures under strong seismic excitation
Ricles et al. 2010 A self-centering moment resisting frame (SC-MRF) is defined by a gap opening and closing at the beam-column interface with a restoring PT strand force The beam-column connections for steel frame buildings consist of PT strands and energy-dissipating web friction devices (WFD) A prototype building is analyzed using a performance-based design procedure and a scaled model is developed and tested Evaluate the proposed connection for a MRF analytically and experimentally
Ruizhao Shu, Tong Guo, Solomon Tesfamariam, and Yanqing Xu 2022 SC-VHD is a self-centering system including both a velocity-related viscous energy dissipation and displacement-related hysteric energy dissipation. SV-VHD is tested on 3-story steel frames spanning two bays in the y-direction and one bay in the x-direction. Tested in varying seismic intensities: FOE, FE, and ROE, while numerical simulations simulated seismic response in 6-, 9-, and 12-story steel frames. Minimize seismic damage and repair time so structures can return back to their initial undamaged, fully functional condition, in a short period of time.
Sanada, Sashim, and Sugiura 2011 Two component bolted assemblage with a damping high friction material (brake pad) and tensioned prestressing bars Damper is applied to upper and lower surfaces of beam members for prestressed concrete buildings . Component test are conducted and an experimental test is performed for the damping system installed on a PC beam specimen Study the behavior of the proposed damping design for potential applications
Shutt 1997 Hybrid frame with standard reinforcing steel and high-strength, post-tensioning steel cables at connection of precast columns and beams Precast concrete moment frame that absorbs seismic energy --- Previous research has provided an applicable design with advantages including decreased life-cycle cost, simplicity in design, reduced installation time and resiliency providing a safe structure
Takamatsu et al. 2008 A wedge device is proposed to minimize slip of an anchor-bolt-yield-type exposed column base and absorb energy The wedge device is made up of a wedge, a counter-wedge and a spring, and can be implemented into differ proposed systems: non-slip type column-base, non-compression braces, and non-compression knee braces The proposed wedge system was described, multiple experimental models were tested for each system and the results were compared Evaluate the energy dissipation and restoring force characteristics of the different systems
Tremblay, Lacerte, and Christopoulos 2008 Self-centering energy dissipative (SCED) steel brace elements composed of friction energy dissipative mechanism and self-centering mechanism System consist of steel bracing elements and pretensioned fiber tendons for steel frame buildings Multi-story buildings are numerically analyzed using the SCED system and compared to conventional BRB systems Compare performance of proposed system to conventional system analytically and lay out design considerations
Vasdravellis, Karavasilis, and Uy, 2014 A web hourglass shaped pin (WHP) using either stainless steel or high performance steel was used as an energy dissipating fuse. WHPs were used between beam and column connections in a prototype 6 story self centering moment resisting frame. Tests were performed on high strength and stainless steel WHPs and proved a high energy dissipation capacity and hysteretic behavior. To experimentally test different materials of WHPs under loading conditions for use in a numerical model.
Wang, Kong, Zhang, Chu and Chen 2017 A self-centering modular panel with a slit steel plate shear wall (SCMP-SW) is a seismic load resisting system that combines energy dissipation and recentering capabilities. The modular panel is designed as a posttensioned steel moment resistance frame. Steel plate segments between vertical slits behave as a series of flexural links. Nine, 1-story, 2-bay, full scale, specimen were tested having varying slit configurations and arrangements. Nine, 1-story, 2-bay, full scale, specimen were tested having varying slit configurations and arrangements.
Wang, Nishiyama, Zhu, Tani, and Jiang 2021 Self centering steel coupling beam with two elastic components joined through a rocking component with shape memory alloy bolts and steel angles. Two reinforced concrete walls connected through a horizontal self centering steel coupling beam. Based on the behavior of individual components, a digital model of the self centering steel coupling beam indicated a stable hysteretic curve. To experimentally determine the plausibility of the applications of shape memory alloys in self centering steel coupling beams.
Wolski, Ricles, and Sause 2009 SC-MRF with a Bottom Flange Friction Device providing energy dissipation Steel self-centering moment resistant frame with horizontal PT strands and BFFD The BFFD design and detail is examined and large-scale testing is conducted Investigate the effect of the BFFD friction force, connection details, and assess performance under cyclic loading
Xie, Zhao, and Meng 2020 An energy dissipation system and a self- centering system are connected through inner and outer tubes to dissipate seismic energy and maintain the centered system under seismic conditions. The energy dissipation system consists of two parallel core plates welded to the inner and outer tubes with filled plates in order to prevent both out of plane and in plane buckling. The self- centering system consists of the inner and outer tubes, end plates welded to the tubes, along with basalt fibre-reinforced polymer tendons. A frictional fuse is fixed by bolts to the beam system as well. First, two types of frictional fuses were tested using an actuator. Then, two specimens at a ¼- scale were tested. To experimentally validate the hysteretic response of self-centering buckling restrained braces with frictional fuses, and to verify the use of frictional fuses to increase deformation capacity.
Xu, Guo, Li, 2022 Self-centering rotational joint (SCRJ) with prestressed with prestressed devices connected outside the plates. Two coupling plates, and two rotational parts with right helicoid surfaces joined with a pin rod. Two coupling plates, and two rotational parts with right helicoid surfaces joined with a pin rod. To find an alternative hinge system for beam-column connection in frame structures for better seismic performance.
Xu, Xiao and Li 2021 Self-centering shear wall with disc spring devices (SCSW-DSD). Reinforced concrete (RC) wall and two disc spring devices. Experimental testing of two SCSW-DSD specimens with different additional friction force. To evaluate the effect of additional friction on the proposed system during earthquakes.
Zhang, Quan and Lu 2021 Seismic performance simulation was conducted on the braced frames at a 6-story office building on four specimens of the proposed system. Four low reversed cyclic loading tests, constant vertical load of 477.5kN applied at the top of the specimen. Disc spring devices composed of a self-centering device and friction energy dissipator. Yes
Zhang, Wang, Fang 2022 Spring-based self-centering (SC damper). Spring sets with outer and inner rings, external tube, shim plate, ear plate, guide tubes, internal shaft and a nut fastened to the shaft. Experimental testing of full scale specimen of the proposed system. To investigate the performance of full-scale friction spring-based self-centering SC damper considering cumulative seismic demand.
Zhang, Xu, Li, 2023 Self-centering modular steel structure (SC-MSS) connection with diagonal SC haunch braces with disc springs using plug-in technology Column modules with hollow ends joined with cross-shaped plug-in connector and diagonal SC haunch braces connected at the gusset plates of the columns. Evaluating seismic performance of proposed modular steel structure connection by conducting tests on ¾ scale specimens on hysteretic responses, energy dissipation, residual deformation and strain features. To introduce a new approach to self-centering modular steel structure connection that comprises satisfactory seismic performance and incorporates an efficient construction technology.
Zhu & Zhang 2008 Self-centering friction damping brace (SFDB) consisting of friction energy-dissipating elements and self-centering superelastic elements Frame uses shape memory alloys which provide centering capabilities and friction surfaces for energy dissipation The proposed system is described and implemented for the displacement-based design process, and two design examples are presented The paper intends to set up the design and analysis process for the SFDB system
Liu, Zhu, Luo, Dong, Li , 2023 Dual-system self-centering energy dissipative (SCED) brace with SMA and spring wedge systems. The SCED brace consists of SW system composed of cylinders, baffles, spring and wedge block and a SMA system with SMA screws and high strength nuts Evaluation of the newly proposed SCED system on its bearing capacity, energy dissipation capacity and self-centering capacity through experimental and FE analysis studies. To develop an improved SCED brace with enhanced seismic performance such as better self-centering capacity, reliability and bearing capacity with the advantage of being able to change its properties through simple design adjustments.
Min Fan, Hongchao Guo, Shen Li, Zhenshan Wang, Yunhe Lui 2024 Self-centering linked beam equipped with SMA bars Linked beams are secure to frame beams by high strength bolts and steel angles Quasi static tests were performed on different specimens with varying angle materials and connection types To test and design an improved vertex-rotation type system that can effectively increase self-centering and energy dissipation capacity
Specimen Information
Reference Test/Analytical Setup Test Load Conditions Description of Fuse(s) Replaceable Self-Centering System Conclusions
Bagheri, Hashemi, Yousef-Beik, Zarnani, Quenneville 2020 A full-scale, two-dimensional steel frame with dimensions 5.05 m long and 3.1 m high. Five series of static, quasi-static and dynamic loading protocols, with a maximum displacement at MCE level 5% drift. Resilient slip friction joint consisting grooved plates, high-strength bolts, rods, and disc spring rings. Yes Yes The proposed system meets the damage-avoidance seismic criteria up to the limit for maximum earthquake (MCE) and exhibits satisfactory self-centering and energy- dissipative behavior.
Baikuntha Silwal, Osman E. Ozbulut 2018 Aftershock Fragility Assessment performed through IDA and steel building case study SVD tested in a steel MRF consisting of five bays spanning along each direction, and laterally restrained frame Viscoelastic damper uses butyl rubber compounds bonded to steel plates dissipate energy and reduce residual drift No Yes, through the super-elastic viscous dampers Improved seismic performance and aftershock capacity, along with reduction in residual story drifts
Bruneau and Vargas 2009 1/3 scale model of a 3-story frame was tested on a shake table BRB were axially tested and the system was tested under standard loading protocol and low-cycle fatigue test BRBs fuse elements consisted of passive energy dissipation metallic dampers Yes Yes, through BRB energy dissipation and connections Analytical models generally represented the fuse behavior and the BRB connections provided a fuse element with replacement capabilities
Carden, Itani, and Buckle 2006 0.4 scaled single span model of a two girder bridge was tested on two reinforced elastomeric bearing using dynamic shake table experiments Reversed static transverse loading was applied Ductile X members showed enveloped hysteretic behavior providing the energy dissipation fuse Yes Yes, provided by top and bottom chord The X brace frame showed capabilities of handling large drifts and the system demonstrated no apparent strength degradation, but has comparatively low post yield stiffness allowing energy dissipation
Chi and Liu 2012 Two-thirds scale PT column base subassemblies were loaded using horizontal and vertical actuators PT column base subassemblies were subjected to axial load and cyclic lateral displacements Energy dissipation provided by buckling restrained steel plates Yes Yes, provided by post-tensioned high strength bars Moment rotation response most influenced by PT bar yielding and BRS plate fracture while results confirmed the need to consider contribution to the moment from the axial force in the column as well as the BRS plate and the PT bars
Christopoulos et al. 2008 Full scale testing of the system was performed on a strong floor with simple shear beam-to-column connection A step-wise incremental quasi-static loading protocol and dynamic full scale test were performed A step-wise incremental quasi-static loading protocol and dynamic full scale test were performed Yes Yes, through Aramid based tendon elements A full scale validation of one possible embodiment of the system was analyzed and it was found to achieve stable and repeatable self-centering hysteretic response under cyclic loading protocols
Clifton, Butterworth, and Zaki 2003 4 large-scale experimental tests, two test on each of two specimens, were performed for each set up using a strong floor and actuator Each joint was tested under two parts of loading, each of which having sets of 3 cycles reaching design capacities FBJ energy dissipation provided through plate/beam element yielding and SHJ through sliding of the anchored cap plate Yes Yes, through joint resistance The experimental results lead the author to believe the semi-rigid joints offer advantages of traditional rigid joints and could have potential use in the future
Cui, Tang, Wu, Okazaki, Wang 2022 ⅔ scale specimens of the proposed shear-critical and flexural-critical frictional steel truss coupling beams. Quasi-static loading tests with displacement control applied by an actuator and a strain gauge monitoring damage on the webs. Friction dampers comprise disc springs, high strength bolts, cap plate, steel shims and brass shims Yes Yes The FTCB specimens exhibited damage control in the trusses and walls with satisfactory energy dissipation capacity and elastic behavior, and validated the concept of proposed FTCB system with a high seismic performance
Dolce et al. 2004 2-story existing R/C building was tested using a “reaction structure” with a hydraulic jack Quasi-static cyclic tests and release test were performed on the bare frame and the retrofitted frame Shape Memory Alloy braces with austenitic NiTi wires Yes Yes, through SMA braces The braces provided strong re-centering capability, increased safety at Ultimate Limit State and displacement control at the Damage Limit State
Dongde, Yong, Yinke, Yicong, Yunlong, and Shiqiang, 2022 Eight exterior beam-to-column joints are prepared and loaded with an electrohydraulic servo actuator. Eight exterior beam-to-column joints are prepared and loaded with an electrohydraulic servo actuator. Inelastic steel angles located at the beam-to-column connections. Yes Yes, through horizontal post-tensioning at beam-to-column connections. Plastic deformation was concentrated into the replaceable steel angles.
Fang, Wang, Zhang, Sause, Ricles, Chen 2019 Specimens placed vertically on a strong floor beam with a servo-controlled actuator attached to the top. Two rounds of test under displacement controlled loads with incremental intervals of 5 mm. Ring spring sets made of superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA). Yes Yes The proposed system exhibited satisfactory self-centering and energy dissipation capacity with certain degradations of yield resistance.
Filiatrault, Tremblay, and Kar 2000 Half-scale shake table test were performed on a steel in plane MRF with and without the damping system Frame was subjected to a push over analysis and four different ground motions from the 1940 El Centro record Energy dissipation is provided by a friction spring damper which is to be located in the bracing of a MRF Yes and possibilities of retrofitting existing buildings Yes, damper displayed stable symmetrical hysteresis loops of force-displacement Damping system provided sufficient energy dissipation and self-centering characteristics as well as reduced lateral displacements and accelerations
Hashemi, Yousef-Beiki, Darani, Clifton, Zarnani, and Quenneville (2019) A modified resilient slip friction joint is loaded into an actuator. Cyclic loading was applied to test the clamping bolts and to the fuse system. Clamping bolts induce a frictional force between two cap plates and two sliding plates that expand with the brace. Yes Yes, through elastic components of the brace. With a target drift of 2%, the proposed numerical model can withstand forces approaching the maximum considered earthquake
Kim and Christopoulos 2008 Full scale assembly testing was conducted for exterior and interior column-to-beam SCFR connections The specimen was loaded under simulated incremental cyclic loading protocol Bolt-stressed friction mechanism with a friction interface consisting of stainless steel and new non-asbestos organic break lining pads Yes Yes, through horizontal PT elements The connection exhibited good energy dissipation without beam or column inelastic deformations and without residual story drift
Kim, Lee, Hu, 2023 Specimen fixed to a hydraulic universal testing machine with a capacity of 1000 kN Repeated tensile and compression experiments with a total of 13 controlled displacements Cylindrical polyurethane springs fixed to compression plate that act as compression members, steel wires running the block acting as tensile members and permanent magnet cubes connected to slider for additional energy dissipation. Yes Yes The damper with 20% precompressed spring and magnet cube performed the best in terms of residual displacement and energy dissipation capacity while the model without magnet cube demonstrated best self-centering capability
Kurama and Shen 2000 6-story analytical model was developed using DRAIN-2DX software A nonlinear static and nonlinear dynamic time-history analyses were conducted Inelastic energy dissipation is provided by top and bottom seat angles at the beam-to-wall connections Yes Yes, through high strength horizontal orientated PT Analytical results show coupling in hybrid wall systems can be achieved by using unbounded post-tensioned beams without embedding the beams into the walls and can be done without causing significant damage in beams during later displacements of the walls
Latour, G Rizzano, A. Santiago, L. Da Silva 2018 During cyclic test, load cells measure tensile force in threaded bars, while LDT displacement transducer measure vertical displacement Two actuators control compressive and axial load applied to column base connections Friction dampers dissipate energy through alternate slippage and pre-loaded bolts on web and flanges No Yes, through pre-loaded threaded bars and disk springs Minimized damage in base plate connections and provided sufficient re-centering capacity
Liu, Chi, and Garlock 2008 A 2/3 scaled PT column base connection was modeled using a FE analysis Loading sequence consisted of initial PT force, gravity load, bolt ED plates to column and grade beams, and apply cyclic lateral load Energy dissipation was provided by buckling restrained steel plates Yes Yes, provided by post-tensioned high strength bars Limit states for the connection were defined for the DBE and MCE and design equations provided an accurate prediction of connection moments, also the FM analysis was confirmed
Lou, Wang, Li, 2023 A 200 ton capacity jack equipped at the top for axial force and two 50 ton actuators connected to the main frame on the sides Quasi-static loading tests with displacement controlled protocols with a compressive force of 521 kN and axial load ratio of 0.05 Buckling-restrained plates with thickness and length of 16 and 150 mm with different width of restrained segment and cover plates 10 mm larger than the restrained plates Yes Yes The proposed system provided great seismic performance as damage was concentrated in replaceable components maintaining a drift ratio of 0.5% due to its effective self-centering capacity.
Lu, Lv, Xu, 2022 A scaled proposed self-centering frictional device(SFD) was tested under cyclic loading under different strength and stiffness ratio A displacement controlled cyclic loading was applied at different amplitudes, repeated three times for each value The SFD is made of two cover steel plates and two center steel plates with groove surfaces, high-strength bolts and combined preloaded Belleville springs. Yes Yes The results demonstrated great seismic performance of the SCFO which was supported by the
Maurya and Eatherton 2015 Multiple loads were applied to a 2/3 scale one-bay SCB SCB was subjected to a lateral load and a gravity load Having a similar design as a typical buckling restraint brace, energy dissipation is provided by axial inelastic deformations Yes Yes, through post-tensioning strands The SCB moment frame is a self-centering lateral force resisting system that prevents inelastic damage and reduces residual drifts
Miller, Fahnestock, and Eatherton 2011 Four sample specimens were heat treated and tested Series of quasi-static cyclic tensile test were performed Energy is dissipated through NiTi SMA Yes Yes, provided by SMA wires Least amount of residual elongation occurred after heat treating the bars for 60 minutes after machining them and final brace design was chose to limit overall strain in the SMA to less than 5%
Naeem, Maida, Koichi, Javidan 2023 A 5000 k N hydraulic actuator attached to a loading arm, the proposed prototype connected to a load cell. A displacement-controlled quasi-static cyclic loading tests with displacement increased 1.4 times of the previous. Self-centering disc slit damper with two hollow steel sections assembled together with prestressed disc springs. Yes Yes The proposed system provided a promising alternative to conventional steel slit damper with its stable and large energy dissipation capacity
Pekcan, Mander, and Chen 2002 1/3 scale model of a prototype end-sway frame was tested on a shake table Subjected to five different ground motions with various peak ground accelerations, including the Kobe ground motion Yielding fuse-bars with stable energy-dissipating mechanism Yes Yes, through elastomeric spring damper Benefits included limited magnitude of support reaction transfer to the pier, reduced base shear response, shorter service time after major seismic events, and reduced axial force in the columns
Qian et al. 2008 ¼ scale 3-story steel frame building was tested using a shake table Three earthquakes on record were simulated for the time-history analysis SMA damper used to dissipate energy through martensitic phase transformation in material Yes SMA damper used to dissipate energy through martensitic phase transformation in material The HSMAFD provided supplemental stiffness, reduced inter-story drifts and absolute displacements, and suppressed the dynamic response of the building
Ricles et al. 2010 0.4 scale 4-story 2-bay SC-MRF frame was tested using hydraulic actuators A lateral force was applied at each level using a hybrid simulation method and four DBE motions WFD connection with friction channels welded to the column flange and brass cartridge plates sandwiched between the webs of the channels and beams No Yes, provided by horizontal PT strands SC-MRF performed well under DBE level ground motions, and the connections provided reasonable levels of energy dissipation while exhibiting self-centering capabilities and little damage
Ruizhao Shu, Tong Guo, Solomon Tesfamariam, and Yanqing Xu 2022 Seismic response of each test was measured with accelerometers and displacement transducers attached to each SC-VCD. Cyclic loading tests validated by numerical simulations. Consists of a viscous damper and preloaded ring springs connected in parallel, which enables re-centering capacity No Yes, through the preloaded ring spring system. Improved seismic performance and aftershock capacity, along with reduction in residual story drifts.
Sanada, Sashim, and Sugiura 2011 A compression test was carried out for the damper and a full scale test using a horizontal jack was conducted on a PC beam specimen with the damping system Reverse cyclic loads were applied and the tension force was varied during the test Energy dissipation is provided by friction pad Yes Yes, through prestressed concrete It was found that the damper increased overall strength and energy, but asymmetric contributions observed and believed to be caused by different axes of rotation in both the loading directions
Shutt 1997 --- --- Mild steel and PT used across the joints Mild steel and PT used across the joints Yes, through precast horizontal orientated PT Elastic response of the column and beam elements was shown through negligible cracks occurring under high levels of seismic excitation, which closed upon removal of the load
Takamatsu et al. 2008 Models were testing using a reaction beam, a reaction column, and a horizontal jack Cyclic loading was simulated using the actuator Energy dissipation is provided through column base gap opening and closing through the spring loaded wedge Yes Yes, restoring force provided by wedge and counter wedge interaction It was found that non-slip-type column base and SC beam-to-column connections displayed predicted behavior and non-compression braces and non-compression knee-braces showed perfect elastic-plastic cyclic behavior without buckling or slipping
Tremblay, Lacerte, and Christopoulos 2008 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16-story buildings were modeled using a rigid diaphragm between braces and columns and two springs in series for the SCED brace Models were excited with ground motion at 50, 10, and 2% of the 50 year hazard level in Los Angeles SCED member provides energy dissipation through steel friction connections Yes Yes, provided by PT strands The analytical experiment showed SCED are a feasible alternative for BRB, as they reduce peak story drifts, eliminate residual deformations under low excitations, and offer better resistance against collapse
Vasdravellis, Karavasilis, and Uy, 2014 Different materials of web hourglass shaped pins (WHPs) were tested with different cyclic loading conditions. Monotonic loading and cyclic loading were performed on the WHPs as beam to column connections. Steel cylindrical shaped pins with two separate internal hourglass indents. Yes Yes WHPs remain ductile and demonstrate stable hysteresis until high seismic loads. Stainless steel has a more optimal performance than high strength steel.
Wang, Kong, Zhang, Chu and Chen 2017 Nine specimen of varying dimension and arrangement were tested. Quasi-static cyclic loading was used to test the specimen. Energy dissipation is provided through yielding at the bottom and top of the flexural links. Yes Yes, through post-tensioning cables. Properly designed SCMP-SWs provide satisfactory seismic resistance and recentering capabilities while still retaining energy dissipation properties.
Wang, Nishiyama, Zhu, Tani, and Jiang 2021 Individual components were tested mechanically and used to determine the properties of the beam in finite element analysis. Individual components were loaded cyclically in tension and compression, then the system was loaded cyclically in finite element analysis. Two elastic components are connected to a rocking component through shape memory alloy bolts. Yes Yes, through shape memory alloy bolts. The self centering steel coupling beam exhibits stable flag shaped hysteretic responses under lateral loads.
Wolski, Ricles, and Sause 2009 Seven 0.6-scale test specimens were experimentally examined for behavior under seismic simulated load Symmetric lateral displacement cyclic cycles were applied through an actuator BFFD provide energy dissipation through a friction sliding surface between a brass plate and slotted bolted plates If designed in accordance to recommendations, would not be necessary to replace Yes, through horizontal PT high-strength steel strands If designed as suggested the BFFD provided significant energy dissipation and the connection remained damage free through the loading
Xie, Zhao, and Meng 2020 First, the two types of frictional fuses, Specimen A and Specimen B, were fixed to the seat of the testing machine and were loaded using an actuator. Afterwards, two specimens modeling the self centering buckling restrained braces at a ¼ scale were tested using the frictional fuse configuration of specimen A. The two frictional fuses are loaded with an actuator in order to determine the optimal bolt torque and its effect on the load cycle. The two test specimens were also loaded in an actuator and subjected to a quasi-static load test in which a force sensor in the actuator was measured against a displacement gauge in order to determine the story drift. The two frictional fuses are loaded with an actuator in order to determine the optimal bolt torque and its effect on the load cycle. The two test specimens were also loaded in an actuator and subjected to a quasi-static load test in which a force sensor in the actuator was measured against a displacement gauge in order to determine the story drift. Not specified Yes, through basalt fibre-reinforced polymer tendons. The frictional fuse exhibits relatively stable hysteretic responses and is able to effectively increase the energy dissipation capacity, while also limiting the residual deformation in the braces. The tendons also help to self- center the system until rupture.
Xu, Guo, Li, 2022 The setup includes a loading arm, a pin rod, gaskets, and a pressure sensor to monitor the force applied during the tests A displacement-controlled loading protocol for quasi-static cyclic tests Self-centering rotational joint consists of a pin rod, two rotational parts and coupling plates, each with a right helicoid surface and prestressed string devices Yes Yes Self-centering rotational joint consists of a pin rod, two rotational parts and coupling plates, each with a right helicoid surface and prestressed string devices
Xu, Xiao and Li 2021 2,000-kN damping systems. Test specimen fixed to the reaction frame with anchor beams and out-of-plane braces erected on both sides of the specimen. Cyclic loading protocol applied by servo hydraulic actuator. Guide plates and core plates composed of an elastic, transfer and yielding segments. Yes Yes Earthquake resilience requirements were met by the proposed SCSW-DSDs.
Zhang, Quan and Lu 2021 Yes Residual drift was significantly reduced by the proposed buckling-restrained brace compared to widely used BRBs.
Zhang, Wang, Fang 2022 Full-scale SC damper placed between a loading beam that connects to serve-controlled actuators and a foundation beam. Incremental loading test and 30 cycles of constant amplitude loading test. Friction spring set that comprises a series of outer and inner rings. Friction spring set that comprises a series of outer and inner rings. Yes The proposed system exhibited satisfactory seismic resilience to multiple seismic excitations over long durations.
Zhang, Xu, Li, 2023 Columns were hinged to two hydraulic actuators of 1,000 kN capacity at the upper end of the column and from a height above the column surface. An invariable axial pressure of 295 kN on the upper end of the column and cyclic loads by the second actuator above the column surface The self-centering (SC) haunch brace includes inner and outer tubes, pre-compressed combined disc springs, mobile spring plates and blocking plates attached to the end of the tubes. The self-centering (SC) haunch brace includes inner and outer tubes, pre-compressed combined disc springs, mobile spring plates and blocking plates attached to the end of the tubes. Yes The proposed system demonstrated stable mechanical properties, great self-centering capacity and satisfactory dissipation, proving it to be a reliable new approach to self-centering modular steel structures with an innovative construction technology.
Zhu & Zhang 2008 A 3 and 6-story model are designed as office buildings in downtown Los Angele Three suites of earthquake ground motions were used in the nonlinear time-history analyses Provided by friction slip details Not specified Yes, provided by SMAs SFDB systems exhibit minimal residual drift and potential to be damage free after frequent and design basis earthquakes
Liu, Zhu, Luo, Dong, Li , 2023 PWS-4000 with the SCED brace secured between a clamped hinge and a pin with a MTS machine grip head attached testing on three specimens The loading protocol for the test was at a frequency of 0.01 Hz of cyclic loading at 2.5 mm 5 mm, 7.5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, and 20 mm displacement amplitudes. A dual system that comprises two main parts: shape memory alloy (SMA) system, and spring and wedge (SW) system A dual system that comprises two main parts: shape memory alloy (SMA) system, and spring and wedge (SW) system Yes Failure of SMA screws were observed and further studies on SMA bending deformation should be carried out. The proposed device exhibits satisfactory performance with high bearing capacity, high energy dissipation with minimal residual deformation and hysteretic load-displacement curves.
Min Fan, Hongchao Guo, Shen Li, Zhenshan Wang, Yunhe Lui 2024 Linked beam specimen position horizontally a rigid frame sliding horizontally inducing a constant force from an actuator FE analysis validate tests of system on an eight story steel framed structure that was loaded The replaceable fuse in the describes system comprises of steel angles and high strength bolts that connecting linked beam to frame beam The replaceable fuse in the describes system comprises of steel angles and high strength bolts that connecting linked beam to frame beam Yes System was effective in reducing residual deformation and allows for repairability after an earthquake with replaceable steel angles